The Possibility of Immaterial Beings Movement based on the Human Soul Movement in the Psychological Viewpoints of Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
Y. Noormohammadi Najaf Abadi 1
H. Booazar 1
S.M. Honarmand 1
K. Kayseri Guderzi 2
M. Karamati Fard 3
1 Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
2 Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
3 Department of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Faculty of Humanities, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
10.58209/jpt.4.3.219
Abstract
Relying on the psychological theories of Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra, this argument examines the movement of the human soul in two stages: “when the soul is connected to the natural body” and “after its separation from the natural body”. By demonstrating the possibility of movement in the immaterial soul, it is also possible to prove and explain the movement of other non-material beings. When the soul is connected to the natural body, the unified human soul can move and change independently of the power and matter within the body. This independence suggests that other non-material beings can also undergo movement without reliance on matter. However, after the soul is separated from the material body, Ibn Sina considers the possibility of the soul’s evolutionary movement but lacks sufficient grounds to prove it. In contrast, Mulla Sadra explicitly denies the evolution of the soul in the intermediate state but provides psychological foundations that support the possibility of the soul's evolution. These same principles can also demonstrate and explain the movement of other immaterial beings.

Keywords

  1. List of sources
    Aboudit, Abdur Rasul (2012), Introduction to Hikmat Sadraei's regime, vol. 3, ch. 1, Tehran, side. [Persian]
    Al-Asfraini Al-Nishabouri, Fakhreddin (1383), Commentary on Ibn Sina's Book of Al-Najah (Theology Section), first chapter, Tehran, Association of Cultural Artifacts and Scholars. [Arabic]
    Al-Shahrzouri, Shams-al-Din (1383), Rasa'il al-Shajarah al-Alhiyyah in the sciences of al-Haqayq al-Rabbaniyya, Najafaqli Habibi, Ch 1, Tehran, Institute of Hikmat and Philosophy of Iran. [Arabic]
    Al-Thanavi, Mohammad Ali (1996), Kashfa terms of art and science, first chapter, Beirut, Lebanese Library, Nashrun. [Persian]
    Ashtiani, Seyyed Jalaluddin (1381), Commentary on Zad al-Masfar, Ch Soum, Qom, Islamic Propaganda Office. [Persian]
    Bahmanyar bin Marzban (1375), al-Tahsil, correction and commentary by Shahid Morteza Motahari, second chapter, Tehran, Tehran University Press. [Arabic]
    Capleston, Frederick (1362), History of Philosophy, 9 volumes, translated by Jalaluddin Mojtaboi, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural. [Persian]
    Ibn Sina, Hossein bin Abdullah (1400), Ibn Sina's Epistles, Qom, Bidar Publications. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Hossein-bin-Abdullah (1379), Al-Najah Man Al-Gharq in the Bahr al-Dilalat, introduction and correction by Mohammad Taqi Danesh-Pazhoh, 2nd chapter, Tehran, Tehran University Press. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Hossein-bin-Abdullah (1382) Al-Adhawieh fi al-Maad, first chapter, Tehran, Shams Tabrizi. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Hossein-bin-Abdullah (1404 A), Al-Shifa (Theology), edited by Saeed Zayed, Qom, Ayatollah Al-Marashi Library. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Hossein-bin-Abdullah (1404 B), al-Shifa (Al-Mantiq), Qom, Ayatollah Al-Marashi School. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Hossein-bin-Abdullah (1404 C), Commentaries, Abdur-Rahman Badawi, Beirut, Al-Alam-e-Islami School. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Husayn-bin-Abdullah (1404 D), Al-Shifa (Al-Tabiyyat), Qom, Ayatollah Al-Marashi Library. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Hossein-bin-Abdullah (2007), Treatise on the Self, Introduction and Research by Fawad Al-Ahwani, Paris, Darbillion. [Arabic]
    Ibn Sina, Husayn-bin-Abdullah (1375), Sharh al-Asharat wa Tannibhat with al-Muhamakamat, Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tusi, first chapter, Qom, Nasar al-Balagha. [Arabic]
    Jean Wall (1375), Debate in metaphysics, translated by Yahya Mahdavi, Ch 1, Tehran, Kharazmi. [Persian]
    Lokari, Abu al-Abbas (1373), Bayan al-Haq in Daman al-Sadegh, Seyyed Brahim Dibaji, Tehran, International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization. [Arabic]
    Mirdamad, Mohammad Baqer (2005), Mirdamad's works, under the care of Abdullah Noorani, Ch 1, Tehran, Publications of the Society of Cultural Heritage and Artifacts. [Arabic]
    Motahari, Morteza (1368), collection of works, Tehran, Sadra. [Persian]
    Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1411), Al-Mabahari al-Masharqiyyah in Theology and Natural Sciences, second chapter, Qom, Bidar Publications. [Arabic]
    Richard Popkin and Avrom Stroll (1368), The Principles of Philosophy, translated by Seyyed Jalaluddin Mojtaboi, fifth chapter, Tehran, Hekmat Publications. [Persian]
    Sabzevari, Hadi (1379), description of the poem, correction and commentary by Ayatollah Hassanzadeh Amoli and research by Masoud Talebi, first chapter, Tehran, Nab publication. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalaheen (1361), Al-Arshiyeh, corrected by Gholam-Hossein Ahani, Tehran, Moli Publications. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalaheen (1981), Al-Hikama al-Mutaaliya fi al-Asfar al-Aqliyyah al-Araba, 3rd chapter, Beirut, Darahiya al-Trath. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalaheen (Bi-ta A), al-Hashiyah Ali al-Hayat al-Shifa, Qom, Bidar Publications. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalahin (Bi-Ta B), al-Hashiyah Ali Al-Hayat al-Shifa, Qom, Bidar Publications. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalahin (1354), Al-Mubadad and Al-Maad, Tehran, Iranian Society of Wisdom and Philosophy. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalahin (1360 A), Asrar Ayat, Tehran, Hikmat and Philosophy Association. [Arabic]
    Sadrul Mutalhein (1360 B), al-Shawahid al-Rabubiyyah in Al-Manahij al-Attawiyah, Seyyed Jalal-uddin Ashtiani, 2nd chapter, Mashhad, Al-Jama'i Center for Publishing. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalahin (1363 A), Al-Mashair, 2nd Ch., Tehran, Tahuri Library. [Arabic]
    Sadrul Mutalhein (1363 B), Mafiyat al-Gheeb, introduction and correction by Mohammad Khajawi, first chapter, Tehran, Cultural Research Institute. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalahin (1375), the collection of philosophical essays of Sadr al-Mutalahin, Hamed Naji Esfahani, first chapter, Tehran, Hikmat Publishing House. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalahin (1378), Risalah fi al-Haduth, Seyyed Hossein Mousaviyan, first chapter, Tehran, Sadra Islamic Hikmat Foundation. [Arabic]
    Sadrul Mutalhein (1387 A), Three Philosophical Treatises, third chapter, Qom, Islamic Propaganda Office. [Arabic]
    Sadr al-Mutalahin (1387 B), al-Mazahir al-Hiyyah fi Asrar al-Uloom al-Kamaliyah, introduction, correction and commentary by Seyyed Mohammad Khamenei, first chapter, Tehran, Binad Hikmat Sadra. [Arabic]
    Sadrul Mutalhein (1315), al-Taliqat (on the description of Hukmah al-Ishraq), Tehran, Bina. [Arabic]
    Sadrul Mutalhein (1383), Description of the principles of al-Kafi, first chapter, Tehran, Institute of Cultural Studies and Research. [Arabic]
    Sadrul Mutalhein (1422), description of al-Hidayah al-Atheriyyah, corrected by Mohammad Mostafa Fouladkar, Ch I, Beirut, Institute of Arabic History (this book has many errors, which has been compared with the Che Stone version and corrected as much as possible) . [Arabic]
    Saliba, Jameel (1414), al-Mujajm al-Falsafi, Beirut, Al-Alamiya Lalkitab. [Arabic]
    Suhravardi, Shahab-al-Din (1375), collection of works of Sheikh Eshraq, correction and introduction by Henry Carbon, Seyed Hossein Nasr and Najafaqli Habibi, 2nd Ch., Tehran, Institute of Cultural Studies and Research. [Arabic]
    Tabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein (1422 AH), Nahayah al-Hikma, Ch 16, Qom, Islamic Publishing House. [Arabic]
    Toosi, Khwaja Nasiruddin (1374), Beginning and Ending, comments by Ayatollah Hassanzadeh Amoli, 4th chapter, Tehran, Islamic Culture and Guidance Publications. [Arabic]
    Tusi, Khwaja Nasir al-Din (1375), Sharh al-Isharat and al-Tanbihat with al-Muhamakamat, Ch 1, Qom, Nashr al-Balagha. [Arabic]
  2. Aboudit AR (2012). Introduction to Mulla Sadra's theosophical system (Volume 3). Tehran: SAMT. [Persian] [Link]
  3. Asadi A (2013). A review of the process of perfection of the soul according to Mulla Sadra. MARIFAT-I FALSAFI. 10(3):91. [Persian] [Link]
  4. Ashtiani SJ (2002). Commentary on ZAD AL-MOSAFER. Qom: Islamic Propaganda Office. [Persian] [Link]
  5. Bahmanyar BM (1996). AL-TAHSIL. Motahari M, editor. Tehran: Tehran University Press. [Arabic] [Link]
  6. Copleston F (1983). History of philosophy. Mojtabavi J, translator. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural. [Persian] [Link]
  7. Esfraini Nishabouri M (2004). Commentary on Ibn Sina's book of AL-NAJAH (theology section). Tehran: Association of Cultural Artifacts and Scholars. [Arabic] [Link]
  8. Fayazi G (2013). Philosophical psychology. Tehran: Imam Khomeini Education and Research Publication. [Persian] [Link]
  9. Ibn Sina (1980). Ibn Sina's epistles. Qom: BIDAR. [Arabic] [Link]
  10. Ibn Sina (1984a). AL-SHIFA (theology). Zayed S, editor. Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Library. [Arabic] [Link]
  11. Ibn Sina (1984b). AL-SHIFA (AL-MANTIQ). Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Library. [Arabic] [Link]
  12. Ibn Sina (1984c). Commentaries. Badawi AR, researcher. Qom: Islamic Media Office. [Arabic] [Link]
  13. Ibn Sina (1984d). AL-SHIFA (AL-TABIYYAT). Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Library. [Arabic] [Link]
  14. Ibn Sina (1996). AL-ESHARAT VA AL-TANBIHAT. Qom: NASHR AL-BALAGHA. [Arabic] [Link]
  15. Ibn Sina (2000). AL-NAJAH MEN AL-GHARQ FI BAHR AL-ZALALAT. Danesh Pazhoh MT, editor. Tehran: Tehran University Press. [Persian] [Link]
  16. Ibn Sina (2003). AL-ADHAWIEH FI AL-MAAD. Tehran: Shams Tabrizi. [Arabic] [Link]
  17. Ibn Sina (2007). Treatise on the self. Ahwani AF, researcher. Paris: Dar Babylon. [Arabic] [Link]
  18. Islami H, Nasri A (2019). An explanation about the problem of "the possibility of motion in abstract beings" and reply to its bugs. SADRĀ'I Wisdom. 7(2):11-20. [Persian] [Link]
  19. Kamrani S, Saeedi Mehr M, Zahbi SA (2013). The possibility of moving in incorporeal beings from the point of view of Mulla Sadra. Mind. 14(56):5-31. [Persian] [Link]
  20. Kamrani S, Saeedi Mehr M, Zahbi SA (2014). Examining the point of view of the negation of movement in incorporeal beings. Mind. 15(59):127-164. [Persian] [Link]
  21. Lokri FIM (1994). BAYAN AL-HAQ BEZAMAN AL-SEDGH. Dibaji E, editor. Tehran: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization. [Arabic] [Link]
  22. Mirdamad MB (2005). Mirdamad's works. Noorani A, collector. Tehran: Publications of the Society of Cultural Heritage and Artifacts. [Arabic] [Link]
  23. Motahari M (1989). Collection of works. Tehran: SADRA. [Persian] [Link]
  24. Nur-Muhammadi Y (2018). An investigation of philosopher's arguments for proving fixity and negating movement in incorporeal beings. MARIFAT-I FALSAFI. 15(2):33. [Persian] [Link]
  25. Nur-Muhammadi Y (2019). Movement in the immaterials on base of Islamic philosophy. Journal of Philosophical Investigations. 12(25):253-283. [Persian] [Link]
  26. Popkin R, Stroll A (1989). The principles of philosophy. Mojtabavi SJ, translator. Tehran: HEKMAT Publications. [Persian] [Link]
  27. Razi FAD (1990). AL-MABAHES AL-MASHREQIYAH FI ELM AI-ELAHIYAT VA AL-TABIEIAT. Qom: BIDAR Publications. [Arabic] [Link]
  28. Sabzevari H (2000). Description of the poem. Amoli H, editor. Tehran: NAB. [Arabic] [Link]
  29. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1975). AL-MABDAA VA AL-MAAD. Tehran: Iranian Society of Wisdom and Philosophy. [Arabic] [Link]
  30. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1981a). AL-HIKMA AL-MUTAALIYA FI AL-ASFAR AL-AQLIYYAH AL-ARBAA. Beirut: DAR AHIYA AL-TORATH. [Arabic] [Link]
  31. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1981b). ASRAR AL-AYAT VA ANVAR AL-ABYAT. Tehran: Islamic Wisdom and Islamic Philosophy Association. [Arabic] [Link]
  32. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1981c). AL-SHAWAHID AL-RABUBIYYAH FI AL-MANAHIJ AL-SOLUKIYAH. Ashtiani J, editor. Tehran: Academic Publishing Center. [Arabic] [Link]
  33. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1982). AL-ARSHIYEH. Ahani QH, translator. Tehran: MOLA. [Persian] [Link]
  34. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1984b). MAFATIH AL-GHEIB. Khajavi M, editor. Tehran: Cultural Research Institute. [Arabic] [Link]
  35. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1996). The collection of philosophical essays of Sadr Al-Mutalahin. Naji Esfahani H, editor. Tehran: HEKMAT. [Arabic] [Link]
  36. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (1999). RISALAH FI AL-HADUTH. Mousaviyan H, editor. Tehran: Sadra Islamic Philosophy Foundation. [Arabic] [Link]
  37. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (2001). SHARH AL-HIDAYAH AL-ATHIRIYAH. Beirut: Institute of Arabic History. [Arabic] [Link]
  38. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (2004). SHARH USUL AL-KAFI. Tehran: Institute of Cultural Studies and Research. [Arabic] [Link]
  39. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (2007). AL-TALIQAT ALA SHARH HIKMAT AL-ISHRAQ. Tehran: BINA. [Arabic] [Link]
  40. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (2008b). AL-MAZAHIR AL-ELAHIYAH FI ASRAR AL-ULOOM AL-KAMALIYAH. Khamenei M, editor. Tehran: Sadra Islamic Philosophy Foundation. [Arabic] [Link]
  41. Sadr Al-Mutalahin (Bi-ta). AL-HASHIYAH ALA AL-HAYAT. Qom: Bidar Publications. [Arabic] [Link]
  42. Saeedi A (2017). The essential movement of the soul in transcendental wisdom, books and tradition. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute. [Persian] [Link]
  43. Suhravardi Y (1996). Collection of works of Sheikh Eshraq. Carbon H, Nasr SH, Habibi N, editors. Tehran: Institute of Cultural Studies and Research. [Persian] [Link]
  44. Tabatabaei MH (2001). NAHAYAT AL-HIKMA. Qom: Islamic Publishing House. [Arabic] [Link]
  45. Tahanavi MA (1996). Encyclopedia of the terms of art and science. Beirut: Lebanon Library Publishers. [Arabic] [Link]
  46. Torkashvand E (2016). A comparative study of the truth of the world of purgatory from the perspective of the Qur'an, traditions and wisdom. Qom: The Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute. [Persian] [Link]
  47. Tusi KN (1995). Beginning and ending. Amoli H, editor. Tehran: Islamic Culture and Guidance Publications. [Persian] [Link]
  48. Tusi KN (1996). SHARH AL-ISHARAT VA AL-TANBIHAT MA' AL-MUHAKEMAT. Qom: NASHR AL-BALAGHA. [Arabic] [Link]
  49. Wahl J (1996). Treatise on metaphysics. Mahdavi Y, translator. Tehran: KHARAZMI. [Persian] [Link]
  50. Zandiyyeh M (2006). The perfection of the soul as viewed by intellect. Islamic Philosophical Doctorines. 2(4.5):21-50. [Persian] [Link]
Philosophical Thought
Volume 4, Issue 3 - Serial Number 15
Autumn 2024
Pages 219-233