مصالح بشری از منظر فایده‌گرایی قاعده‌محور و فقه مصلحت‌محور

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی اصیل

نویسندگان
سعید کریمی 1
محمد آقاجانی 2
1 گروه فلسفه اخلاق، دانشکده فلسفه، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران
2 گروه فقه و اصول، حوزه علمیه قم، قم، ایران
10.58209/jpt.4.2.91
چکیده
مصالح از جهت اعتبار به سه دسته معتبر، غیرمعتبر و مرسله تقسیم می‌گردد. فایده‌گرایی از جهتی به دو دسته‌ فایده‌گرایی عمل‌محور و قاعده‌محور تقسیم می‌گردد. در فایده‌گرایی عمل‌محور بیشترین سود برای بیشترین فرد با توجه به موقعیت‌های جزیی سنجیده می‌شود و در فایده‌گرایی قاعده‌محور رعایت قواعد اخلاقی مد نظر است؛ بدون اینکه استثنا بردارد. در فقه مصلحت‌محور باید طبق قواعد عمل کرد؛ اما چه بسا در موارد جزیی به خاطر حفظ مصالح بالاتر باید مصالح پایین‌تر را فدا کرد. در فایده‌گرایی قاعده‌محور باید طبق قواعد پیش رفت و قاعده استثنابردار نیست. معیارهای زمانی مصلحت، مادی و معنوی‌بودن مصالح و توجه و عدم توجه به دین و مصالح اخروی، از جمله تفاوت‌های فایده‌گرایی و فقه مصلحت‌محور است. از سوی دیگر قاعده اُولی‌بودن دفع مفسده از جلب مصلحت، نیز بر مبنای فایده‌گرایی سلبی بازخوانی شده است.

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